Control theory suggests that this might be compensated by placing more emphasis on output controls.
We find that among teleworking employees, the share of teleworking hours is positively related to the emphasis on output controls.
The increased emphasis on output and efficiency shifts attention away from the educational aspects of mentoring relationships (e.g., providing room to try, fail, and try again).
We investigate the relationship between the use of a specific implementation of flexible work (teleworking) and control system design, specifically the emphasis on output controls.
However, employees who are allowed to telework report less emphasis on output controls by their manager relative to those not allowed to telework.
This approach puts more emphasis on output based measures of quality and leads to evaluation-based models (Australia, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, UK and the US), as a basis for pre-school curriculum and as a guide to teacher preparation.
The Canadian Nurses Association supports an increasing emphasis on output measurement [ 13] but falls short of endorsing ABF, while other groups are calling for more comprehensive baseline data [ 14].
Due to an emphasis on output legitimacy in the EU, notably the quality of policies in terms of 'rationality' and 'effectiveness' (Kaunert, 2010a,b; Scharpf, 1999), the Commission actively tries to develop European networks of experts and stakeholders; convening expert groups and attempting to increase expertise and support from stakeholders (Princen, 2011).
It defines convergence, in the context of global development, as the convergence of issues and interests and, most importantly, of solutions, with an unwavering emphasis on the outputs and impact rather than on organisation structures and long-established and often stereotypical roles.
