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Practitioners' attitude influences the placebo effect: in irritable bowel syndrome treated by pseudo-acupuncture, a warm empathic interaction enhances the placebo effect, but only in patients with an high extraversion profile [18].
Charon [ 32, 33] and other researchers [ 34, 35] applying a narrative approach have presented findings indicating that using more reflective writing can strengthen medical students' empathic interaction with patients.
In contrast to the aim of fostering empathic interaction with patients, a recent systematic review by two of this article's authors and other colleagues has described a statistically significant decline in the self-assessed empathy of medical students and residents in 16 of 18 studies from 1990 to 2010 [ 29].
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Study participants highly valued empathy and two types of empathic interactions: empathic listening and empathic action.
Patients who provided examples of empathic interactions claimed that others understood, valued, and cared for them.
The aim of this study was to analyze patients' perspectives on the emergent theme of empathy and describe how patients construct their experiences and expectations surrounding empathic interactions.
Future research is needed to purposefully study the effects of empathic interactions on outcomes for patients with chronic pain and comorbid depression.
In contrast, patients who perceived a lack of empathy and empathic interactions felt frustrated and uncared for by others (including their physicians) physically and emotionally.
In demonstrating empathy and engaging in empathic interactions with patients, providers relate better to patients, better understand their life experience, and provide patient-centered care that is meaningful for patients, providers, and the health care systems within which they interact.
And a recent study indicates that physicians can improve empathic interactions with patients by focusing consciously, with curiosity, and with openness on the present encounter [ 58].
Clinicians can help facilitate this multi-faceted conversation through patient-centered, empathic interactions – arguably in a manner consistent with a shared-decision making model [ 2].
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