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On the road, cars were found to be emitting up to 40 times the permitted level of nitrogen oxide.
Diesel cars are producing many times more health-damaging pollutants than claimed by laboratory tests, with some emitting up to 12 times the EU maximum when tested on the road, according to a government investigation undertaken following the Volkswagen scandal.
In conclusion, millions of diesel passenger cars were allowed by EU authorities to be brought onto European roads after 1996 (Euro 3 allowing 100 mg PM km−1) emitting up to 20 times more PM as well as up to 60 times more BC compared to petrol cars (European Union automobile emission thresholds available here: http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php).php
A continuous-wave, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser (Samba, Cobolt, Solna, Sweden), emitting up to 300 mW output power at 532 nm, was used to photolyze the sample.
The researchers discovered dust in and around buildings emitting up to 10 times as much.
More recently, the 21 and 30 μ m emission features are found in proto-planetary nebulae and planetary nebulae, with the 30 μ m feature emitting up to 20% of the total flux of these objects (Hrivnak et al., 2000).
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Diesel-powered vehicles emit up to 20 per cent less CO2 per kilometre travelled.
They are also allowed to emit up to five and a half times as much smog-causing gases as cars.
However, once the car was on the open road it emitted up to 40 times the legal limit.
It is Bluetooth-enabled, fits in a cup holder, and emits up to twelve scents, in an order that can be controlled using a smartphone app.
The EPA found that VW diesel cars in the US emitted up to 40 times the permitted level of nitrogen oxides.
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