According to a report issued in 2009 by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of Manchester, in England, "the main benefits of carbon labelling are likely to be incurred not via communication of emissions values to consumers, but upstream via manufacturers looking for additional ways to reduce emissions".
When normalised for degraded volatile solids (VS), CO2, CH4, N2O, and total emissions values ranged from 600--700, 130--150, 50--100, and 800 950 g CO2-eq per kg VS degraded, respectively.
The difference between counterfactual and current emissions values gave the expected average reduction in emissions from the specified changes in measured dietary intakes at 19 64 years.
†Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Includes emissions values reported for anthracene, phenanthrene, and naphthalene, as well as polycyclic aromatic compounds (includes 25 additional PAHs) in the TRI database.
Edwards-Jones et al. (2009) calculate a 'carbon footprint' for different livestock production systems, highlighting the wide range of emissions values that can occur when estimating this metric depending on the system boundaries and the case study farms used.
Inverse-distance interpolation weights emissions values at locations in between facilities as a function of distance, such that relatively near facilities will have a greater influence than far facilities on local air quality.
Furthermore, the results showed that by increasing urea concentration, the formaldehyde emission value was decreased.
For example, Cipriani et al. [9] introduce constraints on traffic emissions by zones in order to prevent demand overestimation: ∑ i = 1 n h G o i ≤ G o * ∀ o ∈ origins (4 with: G o * a priori emission value for origin zone o G o i emission value for origin zone o of the demand matrix x i. a priori emission value for origin zone o. emission value for origin zone o of the demand matrix x i.
Due to the fact that not all CHP units were measured, an average emission value for the CHP is assumed.
They found that emission value of HC, CO and smoke is reduced by 3.8%, 5% and 4.1%, respectively.
