Sentence examples for emissions tiers from inspiring English sources

Stoves that are indoor emissions tiers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are estimated to be able to be used for approximately 15, 30, 75, and 375 min/day before exceeding the WHO guideline for CO (WHO 2006), assuming no other stoves are used.

The disproportionate air pollutant contributions in relation to stove usage are due to the exponential spacing of the IWA 11 2012 indoor emissions tiers used in our model, which reflect the nonlinear exposure response relationships of PM2.5 with health outcomes such as acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) (Burnett et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2011).

The tiers span from performance that is equivalent to traditional three-stone fires (TSF; tier 0), to interim progress (tiers 1 3), and finally to aspirational performance goals (tier 4) (see Supplemental Material, Table S1, for specific tier performance levels for efficiency and indoor emissions tiers).

When 24-hr mean PM2.5 and CO concentrations were modeled across a range of TSF displacement scenarios, including combinations with stoves representing indoor emissions tiers 1, 2, 3, and 4, the only scenario in which WHO targets were reached for PM2.5 and CO were with near complete displacement of the TSF with an indoor emissions tier 4 stove.

Emission rates and thermal efficiencies used to represent tiers 1 4 in the model are equidistant between tier boundaries (zero for the lower boundary for indoor emissions tier 4).

For example, a stove could be measured to be tier 3 for fuel efficiency, tier 3 for total emissions, tier 2 for indoor emissions, and tier 4 for safety.

For the same level of displacement with the indoor emissions tier 3 stove, the TSF contributes 89% of the mean 24-hr PM2.5 concentrations.

Aside from indoor emissions tier 1 stoves, which show no substantive impacts on ALRI relative risk regardless of usage scenario, the modeled estimates indicate that meaningful impacts on ALRI can be achieved for various scenarios of emissions performance and usage.

For CO, we estimated that the TSF contributes 82% and 68% of indoor concentrations for indoor emissions tier 4 and 3 stove scenarios, respectively, when used for 50% of the cooking time.

Fifty percent relative reductions for CO concentrations compared with exclusive TSF use are estimated to be possible with approximately 90% and 60% displacement of the TSF with indoor emissions tier 3 and 4 stoves, respectively.

Twelve percent lower relative risk (corresponding to 50% exposure reduction) could be achieved by displacing a TSF by 73%, 57%, and 51% with indoor emissions tier 2, 3, and 4 stoves, respectively.