Mugabe, 92, has led Zimbabwe since independence in 1980, with his rule marked by vote-rigging, mass emigration, accusations of human rights abuses and economic decline.
To the extent that higher quality training is supported by greater public subsidies, as is the case with higher education in many developing countries, the disproportionate emigration of well-trained human capital can impose a significant financial burden on those remaining in the home country.
As successive waves of human emigration out of Africa populated the continents of the globe, groups became isolated from one another by distance, by physical barriers such as mountains, deserts, or oceans, and by social factors such as language, religion, and culture.
This suggests that there were at least two separate emigrations of modern humans from Africa, Dr. Underhill said.
Beine et al. (2008) estimated that countries that are small, relatively poor and have high emigration rates suffer substantial net losses of human capital.
Participants were followed until first diagnosis of human papillomavirus-related cancer, death, emigration, or 31 December 2010, whichever came first.
The use of aggregate emigration factors can also be misleading if the individuals who emigrate are better trained and thus, embody higher levels of human capital, than those who remain[ 8].
Other research suggests there are some offsetting benefits to workers of all skill levels in countries experiencing emigration; high rates of emigration of skilled workers tend to encourage "human capital formation"—or education and training in the country of origin, for instance.
Migration threatens the functioning of the health system, if there is a net loss of human capital, and this has become a cause for concern in some developing countries, where emigration exceeds immigration.
The emigration of either cadre has negative inter-generational effect on the process of health-related human capital creation in the country.
