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All of the patients underwent EMG examination using a Freely EMG (De Gotzen, Legnano, Italy) and surface bipolar electrodes.
All patients underwent EMG examination using a Freely EMG (De Gotzen, Legnano, Italy) and surface bipolar electrodes when the appliances were worn for the first time (T0), and after 6 months (T1) and after 12 months (T2) of appliance use.
We also excluded patients with systemic diseases which may be associated with neuropathy, e.g., diabetes mellitus, and patients in whom EMG examination is contraindicated, e.g., bleeding disorders.
EMG examination and SFEMG were carried out using a disposable small concentric needle with a recording area of 0.031 mm2 (Technomed®, Netherland).
The masseter and anterior temporalis muscles on both sides were evaluated because they are the largest and strongest of the masticatory muscles, the most superficial and are accessible to surface EMG examination.
The EMG examination was performed using an EMG apparatus (BioResearch, Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA).
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All of the EMG examinations were carried out by the same operator (L.G). to minimise measurement errors.
Overall, accounting for all EMG examinations, 80% of patients never had pathological spontaneous activity and 20% presented pathological spontaneous activity.
Electromyography (EMG) is the examination of muscular electrical activity by means of fine needle electrodes inserted into the muscle.
Postoperative EMG and clinical examination showed no axillary nerve palsies.
achalasia of the esophagus (AE) electromyogram (EMG) Digital rectal examination (DRE) None declared.
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