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These colonies were first kept under lab rearing conditions (i.e., not allowed to forage freely), and all emerging workers were tagged daily.
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In P. caffraria colonies, 6 days after emergence, some newly emerged workers perform within-nest tasks, while others forage outside (Agbogba 1994).
Our study showed that CSBV could cause infection in different developmental stages of workers including eggs, larvae, pupae, newly emerged workers, and foraging workers.
Newly emerged workers were marked on the thorax with a spot of paint (Testors Enamel) to indicate age.
PDK1, also as before, was equally expressed in newly emerged workers (t = 0.66, df = 20, p = 0.52; Fig. 4A).
Consequently, newly emerged workers face varying worker densities (ranging from 1 to 400 workers!) and thus may behave in a quantity/density-dependent manner.
To study foraging behavior, newly emerged workers were marked with paint and introduced into a single-story Langstroth hive containing approximately 8,000 background bees (wild type).
We collected 1000 newly emerged workers from each patriline and marked them on the thorax with colored numbered plastic tags for individual identification (Opalithplättchen, Chr. Graze, Endersbach, Germany).
Spores of both species were amplified in cages and fed to newly emerged workers as before.
In newly emerged workers, the HGs are small and not fully developed.
Moreover, MRJP1 (NM_001011579.1) and MRJP4 (NM_001011610.1) exhibited strong expression in the newly emerged workers.
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