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Bioactive glasses are emerging as a substitute of hydroxyapatite in the development of bioactive coatings for biomedical applications.
"The private market is emerging as a substitute for what used to be done only in the public markets".
"The private market is emerging as a substitute for what used to be done only in the public markets," said Marc Bodnick, a managing director at Elevation Partners.
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In villages it has also emerged as a substitute for cash, with people using airtime to pay for their shopping.
Membrane technology has emerged as a substitute to traditional juice clarification and concentration processes as they require less manpower, reduce operating cost and low temperature.
But a sense of entitlement has grown up, and it is easy to see how: envy of university mates coining it in the City or medicine; coded bragging in the Commons bar about clever expenses coups; helpful show-you-the-ropes advice to new MPs; and a hotch-potch of murky allowances which governments have allowed to emerge as a substitute for pay increases they feared voters would object to.
Thierry Henry made the perfect return to Arsenal when he emerged as a substitute to score a late winner in the FA Cup third-round tie against Leeds United.
Yaya Toure emerged as a substitute and picked up an injury-time booking that rules him out of the trip to Bayern - but which City may privately see as a blessing as it assures his availability for the last 16.
Suarez emerged as a substitute after the break to again become the central character in controversy, as a clear handball preceded his scoring of Liverpool's crucial second goal.
Kane - with 29 goals for Tottenham this season - emerged as a substitute after 70 minutes with England already on the way to a fifth win from five qualifiers with goals from Rooney, Danny Welbeck and Raheem Sterling.
Moreover, no ideology seems to have clearly emerged as a substitute for Marxism.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com