Chapter 14 gives a broad-brush synthesis of changes in the Serengeti Mara ecosystem through time, interpreting these largely in terms of Holling's (1973) theoretical frameworks of resilience; slow and fast variables, along with ideas around ideal free distribution, emergent properties of stable equilibrium and limit cycles, and gradual and sudden shifts between multiple stable states.
The results suggest the importance of political and historical factors in these periods and also demonstrate the value of a quantitative model in explaining emergent settlement size distributions across landscapes affected by different socio-environmental causal elements.
Thus, in the future in many areas, conditions for a diverse assemblage of disease vectors and intermediate hosts of parasites will likely improve leading to a modification in the intricate balance that determines the distribution for emergent disease (Dobson and Foufopoulus, 2001; Hoberg et al., 2008a).
Refuge electivity is an emergent function of egg distributions resulting from individual moth behavior, within multiple landscapes during different seasons and crop phenology.
Most have used elliptical cathode geometries to define a circular distribution of the emergent X-ray beam [160].
Little is known about the required quantity and spatial distribution of retained emergent trees, which would be necessary to develop sound ecological management guidelines, like retention targets for biodiversity conservation (Bauhus et al. 2009; McElhinny et al. 2005).
Conversely, Lagrangian, or individual-based, models simulate the movement of individual particles moving in continuous space, with broader-scale patterns such as distribution being an emergent property of many, potentially adaptive, individuals.
Second, we dissect location and distribution of the emergent WGD DSs.
From Figure 3, we can derive the transfer functions of the linear systems or distributions of the emergent service time and routine service time, respectively, (11).
