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The possible uses for devices of this type in tracking influenza variants, including H1, H3, H5, H9, and other subtypes, and in early recognition of emergence of variants with worldwide pandemic potential, are explored.
CD8+ T cell responses also exert selective pressure on replicating viruses, resulting in the emergence of variants that escape immune detection in both HIV and SIV infection [18] [27].
Such process might be selected in FHL2-deficient cells, with emergence of variants with low expression of cyclin D that may not fully sense hypermitogenic signals in the culture environment.
Other reports also suggested that sequential emergence of variants and replacing the pre-existing population occurred in FCoV under the host immune pressure [ 39, 41].
The emergence and recession of clade 2.2.1.1 viruses warrants further investigation of the role that vaccine use plays in emergence of variants.
Moreover, isolates that are non-typable by PCR should be monitored with Quellung technique to assess for the emergence of variants in pneumococcal serotypes.
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One study showed the emergence of variant Msp2 antigens over the course of infection in horses, nevertheless horses limited the infection to under a month [14].
Previous studies have analysed the diversity among GII-4 noroviruses through sequence analysis across the S domain, and shown that the accumulation of point mutations leads to the emergence of variant strains which at times co-circulate, but periodically a variant is selected and is associated with widespread epidemics and out-of-season activity [8], [18], [19].
Since the BSE epidemic, and particularly since the emergence of variant CJD, scrapie has been more closely monitored because of the possibility that BSE was transmitted to sheep [3] via exposure to the same infected feed that disseminated BSE to cattle.
Worldwide emergence of variant viruses has prompted a change in the 2005 2006 H3N2 influenza A vaccine strain.
Strong evidence indicates that the BSE agent has been transmitted to humans through the food chain, leading to the emergence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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