Thus, the perceived virulence of the virus in recent epidemics may partly be because of the emergence or reemergence of existing strains of WNV in geographic locations with immunologically naive populations, high medical alertness, and active surveillance programs.
Therefore, the perceived virulence of WNV in recent epidemics probably reflects high medical alertness, active surveillance programs, and the emergence and reemergence of existing strains of WNV in locations with immunologically naive populations (3 ).
Ecologic and economic factors, as well as changes in human behavior, have resulted in the emergence of new and the reemergence of existing but forgotten infectious diseases during the past 20 years.
Evolutionary game theory is primarily used to explain the emergence and stability of existing norms.
The emergence of transposable elements in a genome can occur in three ways: de novo emergence, by the recombination of existing elements within genomes; horizontal transfer, by a vector; and introgression, by hybridization between two species (one with and one without a given element) [ 5, 6].
The interventions aimed to contain antimicrobial resistance need a continuous surveillance of new mechanisms of resistance emergence and the spread of existing ones.
The experience made and insights from various stakeholders involved in this roadmapping project are of interest and relevance for all actors, be they from science, industry or policy, as they may trigger the development of existing and emergence of new industries.
Serotype replacement can occur due to the expansion of existing clones, emergence of new clones, or serotype capsular transformation with strains with PCV7 serotypes.
Mutations of a gene sequence can modify the interfaces or domains of its protein product and lead to the emergence of new or loss of existing protein interaction patterns [ 11].
