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The retained flexural strength of specimen without optical cracks on the surface can degrade seriously owing to the emergence of cracks in the interior of materials.
In contrast, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO -based flexITO -based[70, 71] showed a rapid decrease in PCE aflexibley had been bent more than 250 times at R = 4 mm (see Fig. 6c); this was mainly attributed to the emergence of cracks on the brittle ITO surface, which later diffused into the PSCsvskite thin films (see Fig. 6d).
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The emergence of crack cocaine in the inner cities led to a drastic increase in crime between 1981 and 1986.
But over the last 18 months the crisis began to develop, with the sharp rise in reports of child-abuse, teen-age pregnancy and the sudden emergence of crack.
Indeed, through all the profoundly chaotic events in Newark's history -- the race riots of 1967; the emergence of crack, AIDS and organized street gangs; the rapid, uneven redevelopment of downtown -- the municipal council has hardly developed a reputation for innovation and thought-provoking debate.
Because of this serious public health problem and the emergence of crack cocaine, several IDUs started to use this new drug in an attempt to protect themselves from the threat of contracting the virus via an intravenous route of administration [ 6].
A representative sample was subjected to magnetic-particle inspection for the emergence of surface cracks.
This method allows to decrease differential settlements to minimum acceptable value and to prevent the emergence of settlement cracks in building structures.
The sealing rate is calculated as the intersection of the time of emergence of the cracks, the water dripping rate, and the decreasing evaporation rate.
The fracture mechanism in the arched wall is of crushing at the pressure toes of the wall and the same in the infilled wall is of crushing at the same points in addition to emergence of diagonal cracks in the wall and their expansion under increased load range.
The emergence of a crack with a depth of 0.1 mm indicated the remaining fatigue life was less than 0.3Nf regardless of the applied strain range.
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