We individually weighed all 1,072 emerged individuals of the two most abundant parasitoid species (both primary parasitoid species) on a microbalance (Mettler Toledo MX5) to the nearest microgram after drying at 70°C for 2 days.
The ABM, therefore, represents the collection of individual agent behaviors that emerge as they individually interact with one another and with their dynamic environment.
Similar iterated learning experiments have shown that properties of languages, such as compositionality, spontaneously emerge as participants individually modify artificial languages to make them more learnable (Kirby et al. 2008).
The hatchlings spend several days to two weeks in the nest chamber from the time they hatch to the time they emerge from the nests; dispersing individually after emergence.
When colonies emerged they were individually picked and expanded for analysis.
When present, two of the firstly emerged daughters were individually isolated for 24 h and provided with food.
Newly emerged ants were individually marked with model airplane paint for observation of behaviors and determination of the age and life expectancy.
Thus, each newly emerged ant was individually marked on the thorax with model airplane paint (Nakata 1996), using five different colors in paired combinations, objective of which is to monitor the age of the ant.
Emerging adults were individually mated with w1118 flies, and their progeny were screened for fluorescent eye color as adults using an Olympus SZX12 fluorescent microscope equipped with YFP and RED filter sets.
For the wild, it is possible that group-specific behavioral differences emerge because group members respond individually to unspecified environmental differences, rather than learning from each other.
