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The embedded sentence containing the name ((6), say) is understood as being uttered in a fictional context, and in that context the name directly refers to an individual, the individual existing in the world of the relevant pretense.
The key idea behind the paratactic view is that the utterance of the embedded sentence serves as a surrogate for some entity that the report then asserts the subject of the report bears some relation of samesaying to.
Paraphrasing a theory into classical logic imposes extensionality on it: a predicate may be replaced by a co-extensive predicate without change of truth-value of the containing sentence; likewise an embedded sentence by a sentence of the same truth-value[3].
But this is puzzling indeed if, as Evans claims, Frege thinks that 'William Tell' lacks a sense, as in that case the embedded sentence 'William Tell shot an apple off his son's head' would not express a thought for Joey to believe.
In the sentences above, 'bullying teenagers' can either be a noun phrase, functioning as the complex subject of the embedded clause '… are a problem for the local school', or it can be a verb phrase where 'bullying' functions as a gerund and itself is the subject of the embedded sentence '… is bad for their self-esteem'.
In the embedded sentence of 24a, the embedded subject, the pronoun 他 ta "he," is followed by the topic marker 呀 ya.
Similar(45)
To explore which cortical areas are specifically involved in the processing of syntactic layers, we used embedded sentences that did not include syntactic movement.
If it turned out that in order to interpret an embedded sentence, one needs information about the embedding sentence as well we would have to conclude that the algorithm for calculating the meanings of complex expressions is more complicated then we thought.
More precisely, the interpretation of an embedded conditional clause appears to be sensitive to the nature of the quantifier in the embedding sentence — a violation of compositionality.[19] There are compositional proposals that handle this example, but the obvious ones are ad hoc.
However, the results suggested a whole-word representation when compounds are embedded in sentences; since the sentence context affects the access to compounds through syntactic constraints, whole-word representation is arguably at the lemma level as well (multiple-lemma representation).
For example, a minimally adequate semantic theory for English will entail that the meaning of sentence 1. remains the same when it is embedded within sentences 2. or 3., since an understanding of the latter sentences rests on an understanding of their respective parts, including 1., and of the significance of the way those parts are combined.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com