We introduced a target flag to nest entrances to elicit defensive responses and quantified four measures of defensivity in 12 stingless bee species in São Paulo State, Brazil.
Their questions to her on intelligence matters elicited "defensive responses" and an ignorance of the subject "inconsistent with her compendious and penetrating understanding of political and international affairs".
Generally, the idea is that by virtue of the formation of associations or acquired propositional knowledge about the relation between neutral movements and pain, these movements may signal pain, and hence start to elicit defensive fear responses (eg, avoidance behavior).
The 'low-road' affective process is highly evolutionary and is designed to protect individuals from life-threatening danger, and to elicit defensive responses without conscious thought.
Adult laboratory rats in distress emit 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) calls, but the question of whether these USV calls directly elicit defensive behavior in conspecifics is unresolved.
This is the case for predators like wasps and other insects, which commonly attack hives and elicit defensive behavior without resulting in sting loss.
All growls were recorded in the same social context, in which the experimenter entered the dog's home and stared the animal in the eyes to elicit defensive growling [15], [35].
During fear conditioning, an innocuous sensory stimulus, most frequently a tone, acquires the ability to elicit defensive behavioral responses such as freezing after being paired with a threatening stimulus, usually an electric shock.
Black bears commonly elicit defensive posturing and high respiratory rates within seconds of being disturbed, with their hearts transitioning from the quiescent state of hibernation, to supporting bursts of activity [ 18].
