Sites at which the stimulation elicited movements of the elbow (flexion and extension), shoulder, orofacial or no response determined the physiological border of the DFL.
For each motor area (i.e., M1, PMv, and FR), we included in the DFL all sites at which electrical stimulation elicited movements of the digits, wrist or forearm (pronation and supination).
Some substrate gleaners may beat their wings at potential prey to elicit movement (Kuc and Kuc, 2012).
In this case, phagocyte movement was significantly reduced, suggesting a gradient was necessary to elicit movement of phagocytes, and confirms the chemoattractive potential of microparticles from ICAM-3-replete cells.
Because current thresholds for eliciting movement were higher in FR compared with PMv and M1, FR was used to establish a standard current level for evoking reliable EMG in each case, as described in Methods.
Other parameters that might be differentially controlled are illustrated by locomotor systems, wherein descending neurons can elicit movement while controlling parameters such as speed and direction (Dubuc et al., 2008; Roberts et al., 2010; Mullins et al., 2011; Puhl et al., 2012; El Manira and Grillner, 2014).
We could also elicit movements of the whiskers from a lateral region which largely overlapped the somatosensory whisker region in two of the rats mapped under light anaesthesia (not shown), but not in the rats under deep anaesthesia.
To harness the mirror neuron system during action observation, we have to suppress proprioceptive prediction errors that would otherwise elicit movements and cause us to mimic (mirror) the subject of our observation.
For individual movements of the neck, forelimb, lower jaw and tongue, and hindlimb the current required to evoke movements was also significantly different between the two groups of rats (Mann–Whitney rank-sum test: P = 0.001 for neck, forelimb, and lower jaw and tongue, and P = 0.041 for hindlimb), indicating that depth of anaesthesia affected the threshold current required to elicit movements.
It is possible that the LDAP observed when effector information was available at least partially represents activity within PRR areas that are sensitive to effector-specific information, whereas the LDAP elicited to movement direction cues partially reflects the activity of PRR neurons that represent movement direction and target location.
