Anti-PMIF antibody development was associated with the elicitation of PMIF specific CD4 T cells (Supplementary Figure 4c), and the elicited anti-PMIF IgG neutralized the stimulatory action of PbAWT iRBCs or recombinant PMIF on inflammatory cytokine production by bone marrow-derived macrophages (Supplementary Figure 4d, e).
Our work, and that of others, suggest that TLR mediated signaling may be an important reason as to why Ad based vaccines appear to be superior to other vaccine platforms, especially in regard to elicitation of antigen specific cellular (T-cell) immune responses [3], [5], [6], [22].
It is therefore possible that the disappointing outcome in the STEP trial may be correlative to the conventional Ad vaccine's sub-optimal elicitation of HIV-Gag specific T cell responses in vaccinees [26].
No defects in the elicitation of either VP1-specific or VP2-specific IgG were observed in any of our patients.
Four novel phosphorylation sites identified in three venom proteins may be involved in specific elicitation of an immune response via recognition of antigenic determinants [ 18].
In conclusion, we show here that a glycan mimetic of mammalian oligomannose represents, to the best of our knowledge, a unique approach for the elicitation of oligomannose-specific nAbs to HIV-1.
Based on this, it has been proposed that viruses manipulate hosts through multifunctional proteins that facilitate exploitation of host resources and elicitation of specific changes in host phenotypes.
Tension is transmitted via cell-ECM contacts [ 83], leading to reorganization of the cytoskeleton and the elicitation of specific signals that modulate gene expression.
To allow elicitation of specific social communicative behaviours, the therapist may also gently provoke the child e.g. by violating expectations or jointly developed patterns.
Insights gained from such studies often guide immunogen design strategies that seek to recapitulate or improve elicitation of specific B-cell lineages in vaccination.
