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From a genetic viewpoint, the japonica group can be divided into a temperate component comprising irrigated varieties, and a tropical component comprising upland and high elevation varieties, although morphological studies showed that the two components represented a continuum ([Glaszmann and Arraudeau 1986]).
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The islands' rich volcanic soils and mild temperatures support a wide variety of vegetation that generally follows a zonal arrangement based on elevation.
The first is the distinctiveness and diversity of low-elevation varieties.
A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 682 multilocus genotypes displays the distinct nature of low-elevation varieties (Fig. 3A).
According to surveyed farmers, seed flow largely occurs between communities of the same elevation, and farmers identify distinctive low- and high-elevation varieties.
With the removal of specific low-elevation varieties, the remaining six-rowed barley varieties across eleven sites show little spatial structure based on a priori populations.
The first axis, accounting for 17% of variation, distinguished distinctly low-elevation varieties, which are mixed two- and six-row varieties found only in low-elevation communities, while common varieties found at low elevations are not distinct.
The similarity of low-elevation varieties throughout the study area at several loci, and the relative similarity of high-elevation communities to one another, also suggests the possibility that there is differential selection occurring between high and low communities.
The diversity of both alleles and phenotypic characteristics found within communities and named varieties, and the fact that low-elevation varieties have lower seed weight, indicating potentially lower grain quality, suggest a lack of strong directional selection at low elevations.
Farmer variety names most often described a consistent row number and seed color, with the exception of two distinct low-elevation varieties, Shilasho and Ufale, which were generally identified as six-rowed types, but in some communities described two-rowed types.
Analysis of δk identified k = 2 as the most likely structure, with 85% of samples from low-elevation varieties assigned to a distinct population, as compared with 38% of samples from common varieties from low elevations, 16% of six-rowed varieties from high and mid-elevations, and 4% of two-rowed varieties (Fig. 3B).
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