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The extreme conditions considered are very high flows, low flows, and elevated stream temperature as derived from historic and future simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model and downscaled output from a General Circulation Model ensemble.
A further issue is that the products of past erosion have resulted in elevated stream beds, extensive valley fills, and accreting floodplains creating a vast amount of material for potential removal by stream processes.
Since 2002, summer air temperatures and solar flux have been relatively consistent, leading to lake level rise, lake ice thinning and elevated stream flow.
Extreme hydrologic conditions, such as floods, droughts, and elevated stream temperatures, significantly impact the societal fabric and ecosystems, and there is rising concern about increases in the frequency of extreme conditions with projected climate changes.
Robinson and others (2004) suggest that as regenerating Fraser firs began to replace standing dead mature Fraser firs in GSMNP, elevated stream nitrate concentrations decreased significantly.
Observations from other forest disturbances document that elevated stream nitrate concentrations returned to pre-disturbance levels five to ten years after forest harvesting (Bormann and Likens 1979; Townsend and others 2004) and two years after insect-induced hardwood defoliation (Lewis and Likens 2007).
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Potential causal mechanisms for decreased macroinvertebrate community scores include (1) lethal or sublethal effects to sensitive taxa, (2) voluntary movement of sensitive taxa out of elevated-TDS stream segments, and/or (3) conditions produced by the elevated major ions that influence sensitive taxa only during certain life stages or seasons.
The transition of a separated shear layer over a flat plate, in the presence of periodic wakes and elevated free-stream turbulence (FST), is numerically investigated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES).
Arctic watersheds (Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers) had a relatively elevated ratio of stream load to atmospheric deposition (0.27 and 0.74), possibly because of melting glaciers or permafrost releasing previously stored Hg to the streams.
Leaf-litter processing rates are often reduced in mining-influenced streams with elevated TDS/SC, relative to reference streams (Simmons et al. 2008; Fritz et al. 2010; Petty et al. 2013), although it is uncertain if elevated major ions are the causative factor.
The apparatus consisted of an elevated temperature flow loop with the ability to heat the air stream up to 200 °C.
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