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34 Yet despite others confirming the elevated risk associated with paroxysmal AF, 32 35 major guidelines for primary prevention of stroke were not changed to include OAT for paroxysmal AF until 2006.
There was a slightly elevated risk associated with automobile and machine work (OR=1.21, 95% CI=0.48 3.06), adjusted for skin reaction to sun exposure, history of actinic keratoses and current number of freckles.
Several studies of female breast cancer have reported elevated risk associated with the XRCC1 399Q allele among African Americans [ 23] and Koreans [ 26], but not among Caucasian [ 23- 25, 27] or Chinese women [ 28].
As cholecystokinin has trophic effect on the pancreas, it has been put forward that elevated risk associated with gallstones is ascribed to the increased release of cholecystokinin following cholecystectomy (Talamini et al, 2001).
Several of the studies that were included in our analysis presented odds ratios for lymphoma in RA patients who received anti-TNF therapy compared with RA patients who did not receive anti-TNF therapy, and none showed a statistically elevated risk associated with anti-TNF use [ 4, 10, 22].
Additional adjustment for the participating center (the Twin Cities vs the Mayo Clinic) somewhat attenuated elevated risk associated with cholecystectomy performed ⩾20 years before diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (OR (95% CI): 1.91 (0.81–3.77)), but did not markedly changed other ORs observed for cholecystectomy, gallstones, or tonsillectomy.
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Studies of ortho-toluidine and aniline have demonstrated elevated risks associated with bladder cancer.
There were also significantly elevated risks associated with occasional indulgence in these four habits.
Elevated risks associated with higher public supply nitrate levels were observed for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [ 17], urinary bladder, and ovarian cancer [ 18].
Specifically, elevated risks associated with use of paints in the home (ever) and indoor insecticides (pre-birth) were limited to subjects carrying specific haplotypes of CYP2C8 and ABCB1, respectively.
Only a few such studies evaluated risk among potentially susceptible groups (reviewed by Ward et al. 2005), and two studies found significantly elevated risks associated with water nitrate levels below the regulatory limit (Brender et al. 2004; De Roos et al. 2003).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com