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In the presence of PMIF, there is an evidence of increased expression of the transcription factor T-bet by Plasmodium-responsive CD4 T cells as a consequence of elevated host production of IL-12 and IFN-γ14.
Such observations may indicate that OMVs trigger an elevated host immune response, thus provoking host adaptive immunity, even though protein levels in OMVs are lower than those in FKC.
Only recently, Mi-Jeong and colleagues reported a correlation between caseation of human TB granulomas with elevated host lipid metabolism in these infected tissues by microarray [ 15].
In contrast, sub-optimal BMM activation, associated with elevated host lipid metabolism that contributes to FM formation, enables better intracellular survival of the infecting HN878.
Recent studies from others and our laboratory have shown that infection by Mtb induces lipid droplet formation in human macrophages [ 43], and that elevated host lipid metabolism correlates with caseation in human TB granulomas [ 7, 17].
We hypothesized that the risk of TB in people living with HIV infection increases with elevated host iron status, increased macrophage iron availability and suboptimal regulation of iron distribution (Additional file 1).
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The TLR signaling pathway plays a critical role for elevating host immune responses by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
At the crucial moment, the priest elevated the host above his head for all to see to the accompaniment of ringing bells.
Bhattacharya, T., Newton, I. L. G. & Hardy, R. W. Wolbachia elevates host methyltransferase expression to block an RNA virus early during infection.
Similarly, edema toxin is composed of PA63 in combination with edema factor (EF, 88.8 kDa), a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase that elevates host target cell intracellular cyclic AMP levels causing deregulation of cellular physiology and edema [ 8].
Body water content was elevated in hosts of both ages.
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