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The adherents were modeled with continuum elements whereas the entire adhesive layer has been modeled with cohesive elements.
In detailed micro-models, masonry units and mortar joints are represented by continuum elements, whereas the masonry unit-mortar interface is represented by discontinuous elements (Figure 4a).
Units and mortar joints have been modelled with continuum elements whereas the cohesive interfaces with zero thickness have been used for the unit-mortar interfaces.
The former reference material has a relatively constant concentration level (~54 ppm) for all trace elements, whereas the latter has a range of concentrations of trace elements from 0.3 up to 163 ppm.
Accordingly, the main direction of the constituents (e.g. the fibre direction) is discretized by means of one-dimensional finite elements whereas the cross-section is hierarchically enriched with a set of Legendre-based polynomials with non-local capabilities.
The composite patch and the cracked steel plate were simulated using surface elements, whereas the adhesive layer was simulated as interface elements to connect the patch and steel plate.
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This gray also tempers, in the Miro, the blue elements, whereas, against the white, in your work, the blue becomes a central actor, particularly in the figure of the enlarged star.
This grey also tempers, in the Miro, the blue elements, whereas, against the white, in your work, the blue becomes a central actor, particularly in the figure of the enlarged star.
In the German system, the helium passes through interstices in the bed of the spherical fuel elements, whereas in the American system, it passes through holes in the graphite prisms that align along the axis of the core region in the reactor vessel.
The net heat plot in Figure 4c indicates that both perturbations take effect in the same direction (the direct effects of both designs support each other, as shown by the blue-coloured elements), whereas in the forest plot only a small change in the pseudo effect estimate of the residual evidence is recognisable, and the indirect estimate via fluo is not affected at all.
In the human mitochondrion, we identified four hotspots of repeat elements, whereas in the S. cerevisiae mitochondrion, we only identified one repeat element.
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