This cold-sensing signal can be interpreted and amplified by a calcium signaling cascade that subsequently activates the DREB-CRT/DRE (dehydration-responsive element-binding proteins-C-repeat/dehydration-responsive elements) pathway in rice (Zhang et al. [2013]), which is an important cascade for cold sensing and response in rice (Figure 1B) (Zhu et al. [2007]; Chinnusamy et al. [2007]).
More recently, it has also been demonstrated that Keap1-knockout mice acquire resistance against acetaminophen hepatoxicity through activation of Nrf2-antioxidant-responsive element pathways (44).
Zhang et al. tested the hypothesis that electrophiles, like celastrol, trigger a common cysteine-reactive mechanism to induce cytoprotective signaling mechanisms: HSF-1/heat-shock response element (HSE) and the Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP-1)/Nresponseoxidant relement element pathways.
The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 1 (SSB-1) interacts with MET and enhances the hepatocyte growth factor-induced Erk-Elk-1-serum response element pathway.
They were the FunCoup networks containing all interactions with a FBS>6 or FBS>8, in each case supplemented by a small number of literature-derived manually-curated interactions involved in the AHR pathway and the antioxidant responsive element pathway.
Similarly, activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element pathway is neuroprotective after spinal cord injury [ 103].
It is discussed that polyphenols activate heterodimers of NF-E2-related factors 2/antioxidant responsive element pathway which in turn may modify the NF-κB activity [ 28, 29].
In order to understand how the human nervous system functions, scientists first had to identify the connecting elements, or pathways, that run between its various parts.
Meanwhile, the essential elements follow pathways that cycle between these biotic components and the abiotic components of the ecosystem (see biosphere: The organism and the environment: Resources of the biosphere: Nutrient cycling).
However, all essential elements follow pathways in inland waters that are numerous, complex, well-defined, and often interdependent on other biogeochemical cycles.
