Three-dimensional cell culture has the potential to revolutionize toxicology studies by allowing human-based reproduction of essential elements of organs.
In this context, a differentiation between male and female animals seems to be indicated, since data from human studies sometimes suggest a sexual dimorphism for the storage of elements in organs [ 1, 2].
The mice used for these TLR4 transplant experiments contain an EGFP reporter gene whose promoter consists of three cis NF-κB elements allowing organ EGFP expression to be used as a specific measure of NF-κB activity in vivo31.
One key element in organ size control is the positive regulation of the duration of cell proliferation during organ development (meristematic competence of organ cells).
In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque.
The objective of this study was to design a system in order to analyze gold and other heavy elements in internal organs using in vivo x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis.
This suggested that platinum toxicity is due to an overall accumulation of trace elements in these organs and is attributable to platinum alone [ 6].
In particular, it was assumed that disorders in the renal excretory mechanisms may increase or decrease the accumulation of the elements in the organs of cats.
In fact, within this DEG group were identified elements typical of organs in development, involved in energy biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism and transcriptional control.
For instance, electrical patterns from the eye of a frog show that some elements in the organ respond only when the stimulus is about the size of a fly moving in the insect's range of speed.
