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Specifically, the expression for the contact-time distribution of fluid elements or solid particles participating in the interphase transport has been derived from the stochastic population balance of these elements or particles.
A novel function is introduced to characterize mixing in flow systems, the Trajectory Length Distribution (TLD) representing the distribution of distances covered by fluid elements (or particles) in the system.
We take it that, in a biological context, the term "swarm" pertains to a certain type of organization of elements (or "particles", in the terminology of Vicsek and Zafeiris ), which has been reached by means of an objectively recognizable behavioral process, "swarming", involving self-propelled, coordinated movement in response to some critical change within the environment.
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The range of laser surface processes applied to light alloys includes simple remelting of the alloy surface; remelting with the addition of alloying elements or ceramic particles; cladding with a layer of material having different properties; and shock processing to create residual stresses in the surface.
SPH [45] is a meshless particle based Lagrangian fluid dynamic simulation technique; the fluid flow is represented by a collection of discrete elements or pseudo particles.
No matter what it is that you make your black hole out of – whether it's stars, atoms, protons, electrons, antimatter, heavy elements, or exotic particles – there are only three things that matter for the properties a black hole possesses: its total mass, electric charge, and angular momentum.
The detailed size scaling depends on sample orientation, the effect of alloying elements or the existence of particles in the material.
This method can be applied to any kind of fossil mass occurrence, or even other abundant organic elements and particles, to examine their orientation and depositional conditions to conclude on their paleoenvironment, particularly on paleocurrents.
The underlying simulation is presently the largest magneto-hydrodynamic simulation of galaxy formation, containing more than 30 billion volume elements and particles.
The fierce heat forges other elements as particles combine in a frenzy of reactions.
The result of samples combination can also be visualized giving a map of elements of particles under the microscope.
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