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Neither compositional nor functional elements of forest naturalness seemed to affect species' distribution.
Among the elements of forest biodiversity, vegetation, including epiphytes, is the foundation of ecosystem functioning and primary production.
To prevent and mitigate the negative impacts, safeguards are increasingly being used to prevent and shift the focus toward 'non-carbon' elements of forest conservation.
Temperate forests, with wide ranges of biogeographical and climate variations, and with sufficient complexity in forest structure and a variety of tree species, are perhaps ideal for exploring interactions and relationships among all elements of forest ecosystems.
In all studied areas, environmental variables related to the structural elements of forest naturalness, e.g. the share of old and uneven-aged stands, number of large living trees, positively influenced the occurrence and abundance of middle spotted woodpecker.
This paper explores the relationship between the occurrence and abundance of middle spotted woodpecker (Leiopicus medius) and structural, compositional, and functional elements of forest naturalness in three different forest landscapes in Poland, which encompass a wide spectrum of species' habitats.
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We conclude that diversity sampling of any forest type should not be limited to mature forests, but extended to other elements of forested landscapes.
The element of forest gain may be underrepresented here, due to the lack of date associated with this information.
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important element of forest structure that needs to be considered when managing forests for biodiversity, carbon storage or bioenergy.
A key element of forest management is the maintenance of sufficient densities of snags (standing dead trees) to support associated wildlife.
Indonesia is promoting the more localized Forest Management Unit (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH) as a key element of forest governance reform for embracing REDD + and related initiatives.
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