Reference category: SY (k* = 3) S.E: standard error of γ l, m, where m = 1,…,4, indicating the m th element of estimated coefficient vector γ l, Wald's Z: Wald's statistics to test the null hypothesis H0 : γ l, m = 0.
The network topology was estimated by setting the edges to correspond to the nonzero elements
We did not include plots for the estimated Σ NP because there are no parametric estimates for this model and we did not record all elements of the estimated Σ NP in the simulation runs.
where (hat {h}_{i1}^{text {MA}}) and (hat {h}_{i2}^{text {MA}}) denote the elements of the estimated channel matrix ({hat {mathbf {H}}_{MA}}) and ({hat {mathbf {h}}_{i}^{L}}) is the i-th row vector of the estimated self-feedback channel matrix ({hat {mathbf {H}}_{L}}).
Then, elements of were estimated empirically as described in the table legend.
The main diagonal elements of the estimated matrix parameter of the multivariate autoregressive model (φ11, φ22) show the temporal contribution of the past values on the present value.
A vector autoregressive model of order 3 was fitted, and all statistically significant elements of the estimated coefficients matrices were inspected.
(2014) and Pickrell (2014), we add a ridge adjustment (with a heuristical default value λ = 2 / n, where n is the sample size of the reference panel) to the diagonal elements of the estimated correlation matrix.
Elements of the estimated loading vector γ ^ were equal to 40.34 for NUC, 38.57 for FI, 30.41 for PE, and 30.70 for GE, which means that the latent common factor explained most of the of VA in NUC and FI (Table 3).
Yet, numerosity normally co-varies with several other physical attributes, and organisms can use the relative magnitude of continuous variables such as the total area of the stimuli or the density of elements to estimate which group is larger/smaller.
