Because of the relatively small size and the general lack of repetitive elements in chloroplast gnomes, we turn off RepeatMasker (http://repeatmasker.org) in our pipeline.
The availability of the complete plastid genome sequence may facilitate improved transformation efficiency by using the precise endogenous flanking sequences and regulatory elements in chloroplast transformation vectors.
The availability of the complete plastid genome sequence may facilitate transformation efficiency by using the precise sequence of endogenous flanking sequences and regulatory elements in chloroplast transformation vectors.
The intensity of the transcript bands suggests efficient transcription of transgenes under psbA gene regulatory elements in tobacco chloroplasts.
We also find evidence for the segregation of two selfish genetic elements in the chloroplast.
Earlier work established that cis-elements in angiosperm chloroplasts recognized by PPR proteins are constrained, and that the loss of an editing requirement by substitution of an edited C with a genomic T relaxed the constraints on cis-element evolution [ 27, 38, 39].
Significantly, all zygnematophycean chloroplast genomes have undergone substantial genomic rearrangement, which may be the result of ancient retroelement activity evidenced by the presence of integrase-like and reverse transcriptase-like elements in the Roya chloroplast genome.
The density of repeated elements in a given chloroplast genome was assessed with REPuter 2.74 [ 36] using the -f (forward), -p (palindromic), and -allmax options at minimum lengths (-l) of 30 bp and 45 bp.
A sophisticated regulatory process between chloroplasts and nuclei is required to fine-tune chloroplast gene expression, and many nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been recently regarded as the primary elements that modulate posttranscriptional steps in chloroplasts [ 2, 4, 6, 7].
This molecule enables them to respond simultaneously to red and blue light in both the way that they grow and the way the photosynthetic elements in their cells, the chloroplasts, organise themselves.
