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DNA methylation in promoters plays a critical role in gene regulation, but the understanding of how these elements function in human early development is still poor.
These elements function in gene regulation and sequence variation in pathogenic Neisseria [14], [15].
Most thyroid response elements function in such a way that thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) repress gene transcription in the absence of ligand and are activated after binding to thyroid hormones.
Although the function of these auxin down regulated genes is still unknown it is interesting to find that different auxin responsive elements function in an independent manner from each other in the cotyledon during this developmental process.
It has further been shown that some mRNA localization elements are active in several cell types suggesting that the mRNA transport machinery is widely expressed and mRNA localization elements function in a cell-type independent manner (Kislauskis et al., 1994; Bullock and Ish-Horowicz, 2001; Snee et al., 2005; Jambor et al., 2014).
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We concluded that the identified porcine MSTN gene regulatory elements functioned in synergy to drive the expression of gene of interest.
The pioneer factor OCT4 requires the chromatin remodeller BRG1 to support gene regulatory element function in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Each element must be tested, preferably using in vivo assays such as ChIP-PCR and chromatin conformation capture, in order to confirm cis-element function in any given cell type and cell context.
We conclude that computational detection of cis-regulatory elements in the human genome, even when accompanied by appropriate gene expression data, cannot be taken as proof of cis-regulatory element function in vivo [32], [85] [87].
However, in order to develop stratified or personalized strategies for such complex multifactorial disease it is of importance to understand how numerous and diverse elements function together in human pathology.
This initiator flanking element functions in an initiator-dependent fashion and is present in many initiator-containing genes.
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