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A few biological experiments focusing on some specific genes have indicated that certain cis-acting elements could act as boundaries to protect CGIs from methylation (by binding to the corresponding TFs), such as Sp1 elements in mouse aprt gene [14], [15], the (ATAAA)n repeated sequences in human GSTP1 gene [16], and Sp1 and CTCF elements in BRCA1 gene [17].
"TADs gave us a physical understanding of where the boundaries of such elements could act," explains Bing Ren, professor of cellular and molecular medicine at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in La Jolla, California, whose lab was one of three to first describe these domains.
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Newly acquired TCAST element could act as a promoter because TCAST satellite DNA has an internal promoter for RNA Pol II (Pezer and Ugarković 2012) and becomes a new functional 5′ UTR.
Gene expression studies done on synthetic promoter constructs containing a variety of cis-regulatory motifs showed that the same cis-element could act both as an activator (when present alone) or could act as a synergizing agent that interacts with the other heterologous or homologous motifs to produce combinatorial effect on the transcription of the gene of interest.
Constructs −178/+6 and −166/+6 exhibited a slight increase in basal activity, suggesting the presence of a cis-acting element that could act as a silencing element.
The exploration model utilized also allowed the SFD survey to detect geological structural elements that could act as fluid traps.
It has previously been suggested that PREs are general silencer elements that could act on any enhancer (Sengupta et al. 2004).
Earlier it had been shown that the element chlorine could act as a catalyst in the atmospheric chemical reactions that destroy ozone.
The presence of decision tree elements could also act as an indicator for RCT report quality in terms of completeness and uniformity.
Solé et al. note that use of preexisting elements in complex networks could act as strong constraints on evolution.
In contrast, biallelically expressed genes contain a lower density of L1 elements, suggesting that L1 could act as a regulator of neighboring genes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com