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Given the complexity of many complexes involving intrinsically disordered regions, interactions involving both conformational selection of preformed elements and induced folding likely occur.
In grafting experiments, they demonstrated that the gai transcript specifically entered functional sieve elements and induced a highly reproducible change of leaf phenotype in tomato when Atgai mRNA was transported into the tomato shoot apex [ 14].
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In this regard, it has been shown that p73 interacts with p53-responsive elements and induces transcription of p53-inducible genes [ 35].
It has been found that FXR binds to the response elements and induces expression of ADH1A and ADH1B, resulting in increased ADH1 enzymatic activity.
Degradation of IκB allows NF-κB to translocate into the nucleus, where it binds to specific promoter elements and induces gene transcription.
Upon phosphorylation, STATs dimerise via reciprocal SH2-domain/phosphotyrosine interactions, localise to the nucleus, bind to STAT-specific DNA response elements, and induce transcription of their target genes.
The resulting free NF-κB is then translocated into the nucleus, where it binds to the κB elements and induces the transcription of genes encoding pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines [ 38, 39].
While all three C/EBPs can bind directly to these elements and induce PPARγ2 expression, C/EBPα binding replaces early C/EBPs at later stages, which is consistent with their expression patterns [ 48, 49].
Figure 2 shows the growth and LUC activity curves of the CYC6 cRLuc transformant grown in canonical TAP medium, or with ENEA1 or ENEA2 trace element compositions, and induced with 25 µM, 50 µM, and 75 µM Ni.
This complex can then bind a hypoxia response element, and induce VEGF transcription.
Nuclear Nrf2 activates ARE-elements and induces expression of stress-responsive genes [ 10].
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