Under the progressive evolution I mean transition to a higher order entity: elementary particle → atom → molecule → macromolecule → prokaryotic cell → eukaryotic cell → multicellular organism → biological species → ecosystem.
With a versatile technique of cryogenic buffer-gas cooling we prepare bright beams and trapped samples of very cold molecules for exploring quantum science, elementary particle physics and ultracold chemistry.
This article was reviewed by Pierre Antoine Pontarotti, Michael T. Ghiselin (nominated by Dr. Juergen Brosius) and Emanuel Tannenboum (nominated by Dr. Doron Lancet) The Universe consists of discrete entities: elementary particles, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies.
The motility observed in muscle protein-gels suggests that one might reconstruct a soft machine fueled by chemical energy by using actin and myosin molecules as elementary elements.
Both these crystallographic modifications (α-As4S4 and β-As4S4) are substantially identical from point of their main structural fragments (the elementary cage-type As4S4 molecules possessing D 2d symmetry); they differ only by molecular packing leading to two different monoclinic lattices [26].
This work attempts to draw a picture of protein evolution starting from the prebiotic evolution of protein-like molecules with elementary functions and spanning into the contemporary evolution of protein structure and function.
Initially, quantum mechanics appeared as a theory of microscopic physical systems (elementary particles, atoms, and molecules) and phenomena at small space-time scales; typically, quantum phenomena are manifested at dimensions smaller than 1 nm and time intervals shorter than 1 μs.
According to Meier [13], the cellulosic components of a wood fibre wall structure are the cellulose molecule, the elementary fibril, the microfibril, the macrofibril and the lamellar membrane.
We define protein function as an elementary act, which the molecule(s) commits in a living cell.
