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Then the closure test rejects an elementary hypothesis, controlling the family wise type I error rate if the intersection hypothesis and can be rejected at local level α.
The key idea is to express the resulting multiple test procedures by directed, weighted graphs, where each node corresponds to an elementary hypothesis, together with a simple algorithm to generate such graphs while sequentially testing the individual hypotheses.
They showed that the monotonicity condition (1) ensures consonance, i.e. if an intersection hypothesis H J is rejected, there is an index j∈ J, such that the elementary hypothesis H j can be rejected as well.
Suggestions by the participating doctors indicated that a basic level of fluency with probability and risk, descriptive statistics, measures of diagnostic accuracy, application and interpretation of elementary hypothesis tests, epidemiological concepts and study design would be a useful foundation for undergraduates to build on later in their careers.
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To apply the closure principle, local level α tests for the elementary hypotheses, and the intersection hypothesis have to be defined.
Concluding remarks are given in Section 5. Consider the problem of testing m elementary hypotheses H1,…, H m, some of which could be more important than others, e.g. primary and secondary objectives.
This "elementary unit" hypothesis is grounded largely on the anatomical observations: 1) rather homogeneous size of microtubers; 2) consistent association of microtubers with tuber borders; 3) appearance of microtuber-like areas with reactive astrocytes surrounding giant cells in tubers especially near their borders.
Even though the aetiological agent of the outbreak, was not verified, the epidemic curve in combination with the descriptive data, and the detection of NoV GI NoV GII, and AdVs in clinical samples collected from the elementary school pupils support the hypothesis of a mixed viral gastroenteritis outbreak.
The description of the hydrodynamics and mass transfers is based on elementary systemic division, using the film hypothesis and the experimental determination of a global mass transfer coefficient within the electrolyzer.
To calculate the weights in DCMS, the correlation matrix for all elementary test statistics under the null hypothesis is required.
The hypothesis of the existence of immutable elementary particles has been abandoned: elementary particles can be transformed into radiation and vice versa.
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