In conditions of oxidant stress, the transcription factor Nrf2 binds to antioxidant response elements to induce expression of both phase I (acute) and phase II (late-stage) detoxifying enzymes.
AONs can be designed against splice sites or enhancer elements to induce exon skipping in cells of DMD patients, and have shown restoration of the reading frame of dystrophin 28 days after intramuscular injection of AON into the tibialis anterior muscle [16].
We'd been thinking about using transposable elements to induce cancer in mice.
Once activated, STAT3 forms homodimers, translocate to the cell nucleus and binds to specific regulatory DNA elements to induce transcription.
Both the low dose of STZ and the high fat diet are essential elements to induce type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance.
To test this proposition, we expanded the vascular Hoxc11 expression domain normally restricted to the lower limbs by utilizing an innovative integrated tetracycline regulatory system and Transgelin promoter elements to induce Hoxc11 expression universally in VSMCs of transgenic mice.
Following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the XBP-1 pre-mRNA is cleaved by the activated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) to form the "mature" (i.e., spliced) XBP-1 mRNA, which encodes XBP-1s; XBP-1s can then bind to ER stress-response elements to induce the transcription of ER chaperones.
Specifically, since the CC element appears to induce an asymmetric structure in the (DID-DD-CC 2 DID-DD-CC 2 DID-DD-CC 2ble that in the autoinhibitedimerl-length protein the N-terminus adopts this same asymmetric conformation as well.
Clofibrate is a specific ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR); it activates PPAR which then binds to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) to induce the transcriptional initiation of genes primarily involved in lipid homeostasis.
These, in turn, form transcriptional activator complexes through a series of signalling cascades leading to the activation of transcription factors, translocation to the nucleus and binding of the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), to induce transcription of >500 IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) (Taniguchi et al., 2001).
