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OsIRO2, which is induced by Fe deficiency and is positively regulated by IDEF1, binds to the CACGTGG element to activate another subset of Fe-deficiency-responsive genes, including two transcription factor genes: OsNAC4 and the AP2 domain-containing gene.
To determine the contribution of Hs II element to keratinocyte-specific expression of K5, we assayed for the ability of this element to activate transcription of a luciferase (luc) reporter gene in transient transfection assays.
In addition, SnRK2s can phosphorylate b-ZIP transcription factors, which bind to the ABA-responsive element to activate ABA-responsive genes.
As a heterodimer with the small Maf proteins (e.g. MafG), Nrf2 binds to the cognate electrophile or antioxidant response element to activate these genes.
In response to ER stress, ATF6 undergoes proteolysis to release its BRLZ domain, which binds to the ER stress response element to activate expression of downstream target genes within the nucleus (Haze et al. 1999).
It is possible that one or more was identified because of its similar binding motif without actually playing a role in SIRT3 expression; it is also possible that they are important in different contexts, or, when they are co-expressed, multiple factors may bind the same promoter element to activate gene expression with different strengths (Takahashi et al., 2008).
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Generally, SR proteins bind enhancer elements to activate suboptimal splice sites, whereas hnRNP proteins counteract this activity through interactions with silencer elements.
At the core of this 24-hour feedback cycle are the transcription activator complexes CLOCK BMAL1 and NPAS2 BMAL1, which bind to E-box elements to activate transcription of their own negative regulators Cryptochrome 1, Cryptochrome 2, Period 1 and Period 2 (in mouse, abbreviated mCry1, mCry2, mPer1, and mPer2, respectively) [1], [2].
It allows comparative analysis of progenitor cells across species by using evolutionarily significant genetic elements to activate Cre expression.
The redundant Msn2 and Msn4 transcription factors bind to STRE elements to activate transcription of a large number of stress responsive genes.
This plasmid also contains a PGK promoter-driven neomycin selection marker for selection but lacks other transcription elements to activate host genes.
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