This indicates that this genomic region contains all the regulatory elements sufficient to reproduce the expression pattern of the native GH146-GAL4 enhancer trap.
Fragments bearing DNA elements sufficient for LkARS function retain their ability to maintain plasmids and generate colonies, whereas the deletion of functionally essential sequences would destroy ARS function.
These data suggest that the INO promoter contains multiple positive regulatory elements sufficient for the proper pattern of INO expression, but these elements are not individually sufficient to induce expression to a detectable level.
The previously identified POS9 element of P-INO contains regulatory elements sufficient to direct the specific pattern of INO expression when combined with extra copies of itself or with either POSX or POSY [ 12].
Instead, our findings indicate that the core elements sufficient for the recruitment of HAC1 mRNA to and docking of the mRNA onto Ire1 clusters are contained in the 3′ BE of the mRNA and in Ire1's cytosolic linker domain.
The difficulty in measuring all the components of a given pathway results in following simple rules of thumb based on the minimal number of elements sufficient for a pathway to be considered as present.
These elements are, rather than trans-regulatory elements, sufficient to explain the differential parental expression of additive genes and therefore, according to our microarray results, for the majority of MPH-ASs underlying genes in the pericentromeric regions of the 21 inbred lines studied.
For efforts on reconstructing the non-cellular LUCA, a key guiding principle is that, although modern-type cells, presumably, did not exist at this stage of evolution, some form of compartmentalization was required to ensure concentrations of substrates and genetic elements sufficient for effective replication and, consequently, evolution.
A 3.5 kb genomic fragment of the BB locus consisting of 1.3 kb of 5' non-transcribed promoter sequence, 669 bp of 5' UTR containing two introns, the coding sequence (CDS) and 199 bp of 3' UTR contains all regulatory elements sufficient for rescuing levels of BB expression [ 6].
