The Thomas Fermi theory, developed in the 1920s, was used to estimate electronic energy levels by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter.
Based on the model analysis, the factors mainly influencing LC are the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, dipole, electrostatic energy and electronic energy, which are related to the electronic energy level, electron distribution and interaction of electrons in molecules.
Graphene's electronic energy levels, however, stack into shapes called Dirac cones, which allow conduction electrons to travel with an energy that is directly proportional to their momentum.
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Photoprotection involves the nonradiative dissipation of excess electronic energy to avoid damaging chemical processes from the excited state.
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Small modifications to electronic energy levels arise because of the finite mass, nonzero volume of the atomic nucleus and the distribution of charges and currents within the nucleus.
These two energy factors, along with the potential energy due to the mutual electrostatic repulsion of the positive nuclei, constitute the electronic energy of a molecule.
The potential for the oscillation of a molecule is the electronic energy plotted as a function of internuclear separation (Figure 7A).
As a first approximation, the total electronic energy of the molecule is the sum of the energies of the individual electrons in the various MOs.
Motions of the nuclei relative to each other are usually described as vibrations, and, just as with electronic energy, the total vibrational energy in a molecule is quantized.
