So far, a pilot of an all-electronic criminal justice system is working in only one of England's 42 criminal justice areas, Humberside.
After Congress expanded FISA's reach, in 1994, by allowing physical searches of homes and computers in addition to electronic surveillance, criminal investigators had increased incentive to use the act — as Rowley apparently hoped to do — as an expedient alternative to going before an ordinary judge.
Serco generates a quarter of its revenues from government work and is attempting to placate the government after claims it had overcharged the Ministry of Justice by "tens of millions" of pounds for electronic tags for criminals.
G4S, the world's biggest securities services firm, has parted company with the head of its UK and Irish operations as it tries to improve its relationship with the government after the botched Olympic contract and inquiries into the electronic tagging of criminals.
And for all his explicit contrition, Buckles probably knows the company will continue to profit from the UK government, which paid G4S £759m last year for contracts including electronic tagging of criminals, processing Department for Work and Pensions benefits claimants and running Lincolnshire police's back-office operations.
The electronic tagging of criminals is commonplace but now some forces are starting to experiment with more controversial uses.
Electronic tagging of criminals is a key part of the government's strategy to monitor offenders in the community.
So it felt like quite a big moment when Chris Grayling, the justice secretary, last week put the boot into G4S and Serco, accusing them of charging too much for the business of putting electronic tags on criminals.
In the year and a half since, it has suffered a series of embarrassing incidents, including an accusation that it overcharged the government for the electronic tagging of criminals, an abandoned £5.2bn bid for Danish cleaning company ISS after opposition from shareholders, and a profit warning.
This article reviews an EU initiative designed to combat fraud in online transactions by securing electronic evidence of online criminal behaviour.
Particularity is an element of every prospective electronic surveillance authority, whether criminal or intelligence-related.
