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The clusters PtCoPd were reducible in a single two electron step, whereas the clusters PdCoPd were reduced via two distinct one electron steps.
Both isomeric cis and trans forms of aliphatic azoxy compounds are reduced in the same way in acid and neutral media: they are adsorbed, protonated, then reduced in one 4 electron step to give hydrazo compounds.
When used as a catalyst, the Pt-skinned Pt-Fe alloy surface is superior to the Pt surface and has three main advantages: (i) a more appropriate potential for each electron step (closer to the stand reversible potential), (ii) a smaller O2 adsorption energy, and (iii) a smaller H2O desorption energy.
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4-TQ is reduced in two single electron steps to give the dihydro-4-TQ product.
As electron transfers occur in one, or at most 2, electron steps, there are a number of intermediate sulfur forms involved with redox reactions between sulfide and sulfate [10].
This overall reaction is consistent with a mechanism involving four electron steps and four proton transfers from NBA to its basic reduction intermediates (self-protonation mechanism).
This species is oxidized in a two-electron step to form the (ArNH3 3+ cation.
While reduction consists of two separate one-electron steps, the oxidation is a single two-electron step.
This oxidation step (two-electron step in dry acetonitrile) may change in the presence of water or of nucleophile or of weak base in the solvent.
At pH 0 5.5 the diprotonated form of I is reduced in a reversible two-electron step to a diradical-quinonemethide.
Reduction of the carboxaldehyde of (I) formed during the first two-electron step is affected by hydration of the aldehyde group.
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