Different experimental techniques, namely, polarized light microscopy, electron microprobe, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, were applied on the aortic valve samples to study the calcification process in all its components [ 5, 6].
Tools used by Lamont-Doherty petrologists and geochemists include high pressure and temperature experiment apparatus, and facilities allowing analysis of virtually all elements and isotopes in rocks and water, including mass spectrometers, plasma and solid-source spectrometers, electron microprobes, scanning electron microscopes and X-ray diffraction.
A characterization based on X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscopy is presented.
Besides XRD, deposited films were investigated by electron microprobe system, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
Selected samples of glass with or without grisailles were characterised by means of various X-ray spectrometric techniques, such as wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, coupled, in some cases, with X-ray powder diffraction.
Mineral identification and textural relationships were established using an optical binocular microscope and an electron microprobe that has scanning electron microscopic capability.
The method was applied to several sediment samples from the Scheldt estuary and the particulate phase was further examined by Scanning Electron Microprobe and X-ray Diffraction techniques.
We confirmed that the quenched glass was chemically homogeneous from SEM-EDS (scanning electron microprobe analyzer (JSR1000, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) with energy dispersive spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, Oxfordshire, UK)) observations.
The cross-sections of the LLDPE film samples are grafted completely through before the final degree of grafting is reached, as analysed by scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microprobe quantometry.
Open image in new window Fig. 4 Quantitative analysis of C, O, Al, and Fe elements on the interface between the top layer and the bottom layer as characterized by one-line scan electron microprobe technique.
In this study, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy (including both XANES and EXAFS regimes) were employed to determine the mineralogical composition and local coordination environment of As in gold ores and process tailings from bench-scale tests designed to mimic a common plant practice.
