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To confirm that the electron data were usable, the second method was applied.
First, hourly averages of electron data were selected from the 0° and the 90° detectors.
When the trend of electron fluxes differed from the proton fluxes, the electron data were regarded as contaminant-free.
Because we used only short-term data over the 7 days straddling the anomaly day, the electron data were examined by comparing the flux variations between electrons and the CP within specific intervals, as done by Tadokoro et al. (2007).
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Furthermore, we also adopted the method introduced by Rodger et al. (2010), in which the electron data are deemed to have acceptable quality if the electron flux in each energy channel is larger than twice the CP flux.
Electron microscopic data were collected with an FEI Tecnai F30 FEG transmission electron microscope (FEG-TEM) (FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at an electron voltage of 300 kV.
Electron microscopic data were then acquired using a Hitachi H-7650 transmission electron microscope.
Since the electron temperature data were running averaged, the calculated sheath capacitances do not reflect the electron temperatures in the wake.
High-resolution images, bright-field/dark-field images, and electron diffraction data were obtained using a JEOL 2500SE 200-kV field-emission scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM; JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Thermo-Noran thin-window energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hudson, NH, USA).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01345.007 The electron diffraction data were collected on a microscope operating at 200 kV and equipped with a field emission gun (FEG) electron source.
Immuno-gold labelling and electron microscopy data were consistent with an NaTrxh localization at the ECM of the same N. alata stylar tissue.
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