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This electron avalanche makes its way through until it hits the end anode where the pulse of electrons is measured.
In this work we focus on the drift-reaction equation that describes the electron avalanche.
The PIC model is first applied to the problem of an idealized electron avalanche in a non-attaching gas.
The main difficulty of the electron avalanche equation lies in the fact that the reaction term is positive when a high electric field is applied.
The code can follow the evolution of a discharge from the initial stage of a single free electron in a background electric field to the formation of an electron avalanche and its transition into a streamer.
The anode structure can be, for example, a wedge-and-strip electrode pattern (M. Unverzagt, Diplomarbeit, Universität Frankfurt 1992, private communication) as it is used for directly collecting the electron avalanche from a MCP.
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A special gas analysis system has been constructed to analyze compounds created in electron avalanches in gaseous radiation detectors during their operation.
Possibility of creation of runaway electron avalanches under QESF as a source of sprites, and their penetration into the magnetosphere, is evaluated.
As the applied voltage across the two electrodes increases, the current suddenly increases sharply at a certain voltage required for sufficiently intensive electron avalanches.
And the results don't look good for Gurevich's hypothesis: runaway electron avalanches produced by cosmic-ray showers just don't seem capable of producing electrical breakdown of air and lightning discharge.
They have asked whether the flux of high-energy cosmic-rays, with their accompanying runaway electron avalanches, is sufficient to boost the conductivity of air and cause a lightning strike.
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