It is expected that electricity loads will serve self-supply and assist with grid stability and, moreover, cause new markets to flourish, so that every actor equipped with technology for photovoltaics, wind, combined heat and power, or geothermal applications, etc., can act as an electricity vendor for "virtual power plants" and "smart markets" ([2, 7], e.g., [63, 67]).
Hence, the success of the smart grid is very dependent on the behavioral conformity of prosumers, because actions (trust), the absence of actions (lack of trust), and counteractions (distrust) of individual smart meter users and small-scale electricity vendors in emerging energy markets may have significant cumulative effects on the overall rationality and therefore success of the ES.
On an expanse of open ground, beneath huge electricity pylons, vendors sit on mats selling tomatoes, onions or second-hand T-shirts.
According to the flea market's dozen or so tenants, the buyer, New York-based Seasurf Realty, promptly padlocked Shorty's toilet, shut off the flea market's electricity and served the vendors with eviction notices.
As more specialized tools, there are several computerized tools for electricity market simulation provided by commercial vendors.
If coal users get punished with taxes or limits on greenhouse gas emissions, vendors of nuclear-fired electricity will be at a financial advantage.
"People want candles because they have no electricity or fuel for their generators," said Manouchka Wendiwou, 21, a vendor in La Saline who raised her candle prices by 60 percent and made no apology for charging what the market would bear.
But the eGallon calculator compares the cost of gasoline with residential electricity rates and does not make any allowance for an electricity mark-up a vendor would use to earn a profit on the charging equipment.
For families with diversified livelihoods running small shops that required power (e.g. seamstresses, dairy vendors needing refrigeration, corner store owners), it was impossible to run their business without electricity, which dissuaded small business owners.
Hawker stands were once unregulated street vendors that sold dishes from carts, but some years back they were absorbed into official malls with electricity, running water and health-department-regulated work areas.
While having electricity in Guinea was rare, the stillness hit me first -- no honking sounds from passing cars, no street vendors offering their wares, just overwhelming silence.
