A principal component factor analysis technique was used to construct SES based on 30 variables on access to water and electricity, type and size of dwelling, appliances, ownership of livestock, and transport available.
These questions related to the size of the house, access to domestic facilities such as water or electricity, type of fuel most commonly used, profession of the husband or total house income.
It includes: utilities (source of drinking water and electricity), type of toilet facility, main floor material of the house, main roof material of the house, type of cooking fuel used by the household, and media assets (radio and television).
We examine the long-run relationships between total electricity consumption (and two electricity types, i.e., combustible fuels electricity and nuclear energy) and real GDP for Japan and Germany, respectively, in a four-variable cointegration framework over 1996Q4 2015Q2.
Assets included a range of consumer durables and house ownership, house construction, possession of a ration card, source of electricity, and type of toilet.
The SES index was computed separately for each sub-district using the HDSS population data on access to basic services (water, electricity, sanitation), type of house, and the household assets listed above.
The household wealth index was constructed by assigning weights to three housing characteristics (ie, availability of electricity, and type of floor and wall) and six household assets (ie, possession of a radio, television, fridge, bicycle, motorcycle and car), using the survey data and principle components analysis.
The household assets used in constructing the index included; the ownership of durable goods, such as television, radio, and refrigerator; household facilities, such as electricity, and type of toilet; indicators of the condition of housing, such as the primary material used for the floor and walls; and ownership of transportation devices, such as bicycle, motorcycle and car/truck.
Indeed, as has been shown in the literature, the transport domain abounds with cross-subsidization between various user groups, such as users of different types of vehicles (diesel, gasoline, electricity), different types of users (private versus commercial, person versus freight transport), and different types of regions (center versus periphery) [27, 54, 62, 71].
Fig. 3 Mixed electricity generation types (hydroelectric, geothermal and thermal) ash impact histogram and fragility functions.
b Derived fragility functions for mixed electricity generation types showing probability of equalling or exceeding each IS vs tephra thickness.
