The public infrastructure was generally good: the majority of clusters had asphalt streets (some clusters Ecuador with unpaved, poor quality roads and limited access to piped drinking water), electricity, piped drinking water and weekly removal of waste.
There was no electricity, piped water or telephone service.
To deal with those, Sonia Gandhi, Congress's leader, will reissue a lot of unkept promises when the election campaign begins: to bring everyone electricity, piped water, schools and jobs.
Imagine a city where the council runs 70 per cent of the hospital beds, generates most of the electricity, pipes gas and water to people's homes, educates plumbers and builders and houses many of the poor.
However, large racial differentials exist in social determinants of health, especially housing and sanitation for the poor and inequity between the sexes, although progress has been made in access to basic education, electricity, piped water, and social protection.
†<25th percentile of a calculated index of 11 markers of wealth: electricity, pipe-borne water, radio, fan, cupboard, television, bicycle, motorbike, refrigerator, car/truck/tractor, cattle.
Semi-urban area, here, refers to a town where some of the inhabitants are skilled or unskilled artisans, but still engage in farming and the others, say 60%, engage in subsistence farming; while urban area refers to a town with virtually all the trappings of a city - good paved roads, electricity, pipe-borne water and almost all the inhabitants do not engage in subsistence agriculture.
Non-urban area here refers to a town/village where some of the inhabitants are skilled or unskilled artisans, but still engage in farming and the others, say 60%, engage in subsistence farming; while urban area refers to a town with virtually all the trappings of a city – good paved roads, electricity, pipe-borne water and almost all the inhabitants do not engage in subsistence agriculture.
Electricity, piped water and hospital services are available to many in the town, but not in the surrounding villages.
The school has six classrooms, electricity, piped water, separate toilets for boys and girls, and brand new furniture.
