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Solar energy conversion systems and daylighting schemes are important building energy strategies to produce clean energy, reduce the peak electrical and cooling demands and save the building electricity expenditures.
Sustainability is the trend of the modern building designs, in which solar energy conversion systems and daylighting schemes are widely considered as the important building energy strategies to reduce the peak cooling and electrical demands, generate clean energy and save the building electricity expenditures.
Calgary, Alberta, recently cut its electricity expenditures by more than two million dollars a year, by switching to full-cutoff, reduced-wattage street lights.
The results indicated that such an integrated system could save the overall electricity expenditures and benefit to the environmental and financial aspects.
Katz et al. [24] analyzed the effect of residential electricity expenditures on the changes in electricity price using a partial equilibrium model.
Continuing non-price induced energy conservation at the historical rate will only result in a marginal reduction in electricity rates, although lower electricity use means that substantial savings are nonetheless achieved in electricity expenditures.
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Moreover, a deregulated NG price can further lower the electricity price and electricity expenditure.
As shown in Fig. 9, the users' electricity expenditure decreases from 10.47 billion to 6.63 billion per day consequently.
The average electricity price in constant prices (US dollars/TOE) is the ratio of total electricity expenditure to total energy consumption.
Open image in new window Fig. 7 Real-time NG price in different scenarios Open image in new window Fig. 8 Real-time electricity price Open image in new window Fig. 9 Electricity expenditure in different scenarios.
Treatment costs in terms of electricity expenditure at 0.17, 0.34 and 0.69 mA cm−2 was 7.6, 16 and 41.8 €, respectively, per kilogram of nitrates and 1, 2 and 4 €, respectively, per cubic meter of wastewater.
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