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We delivered a series of 26 electrical stimuli, at different and randomly chosen stimulation frequencies (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1Hz), subsequently subdivided into five consecutive blocks of five averaged and rectified responses for each stimulation frequency.
The effects of the drugs were tested on: (1) the stimulus response curves of the reflex up to the tolerance threshold (frequency of stimulation: 0.1 Hz); (2) the progressive increase of the reflex and painful sensations (i.e. wind-up phenomenon) induced by a series of 15 electrical stimuli at a frequency of 1 Hz (intensity: 20% above threshold).
CS were either electrical stimuli at the same location and intensity as the TS or a slightly painful nociceptive cutaneous laser stimulation applied to the dorsum of the right hand.
When we applied percutaneous electrical stimuli at threshold for C-fiber activation to the center of the excitatory field of the neurons, responses attributable to peripheral activation of Aδ- and/or C-fibers could be observed (Figure 4A).
As previously shown [35], when we applied percutaneous electrical stimuli at threshold for C-fiber activation to the center of the excitatory receptive field of all WDR neurons, responses attributable to peripheral activation of A- and C-fibers could be observed.
Subsequent studies have demonstrated normal skin sensitivity to electrical stimuli at control points [ 11] or even somatic hyperalgesia with electrical stimuli at active points and areas of pain referral and thermal stimuli on hand and foot.
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No change in subjective pain intensity was perceived at RT-SS from T0 to T1, meaning that during hormone free interval, participants rated an electrical stimulus at lower current intensity as painful as an electrical stimulus at higher current intensity necessary to elicit the nociceptive withdrawal reflex during the third week of active treatment.
This study conducted a detailed mapping of the SBP and heart rate response to electrical stimulus at different locations in the carotid sinus region in patients undergoing a carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
It is worth noting the virtual absence of genes directly involved in the generation of the electrical stimulus at the single ion channel microscopic level.
An electrical stimulus at supra-maximal intensity delivered ~2 s after HSUP, allowed us to record the superimposed maximal M-wave (MSUP) and the V-wave (VSUP).
It is common experience, however, that a number of subjects in the general population do not tolerate the sensations induced by cutaneous electrical stimuli even at low intensities.
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