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You can use a smart material that changes electrical properties when exposed to the chemical.
Bare nanowire transistors exhibit a measurable change in their electrical properties when exposed to acidic or basic solutions; the membrane-protected nanowires do not, because the fatty layer seals out the harsh solution just like a biological cell membrane.
A change in the channel resistivity is the main reason for the change in the electrical properties when a positive gate bias is applied.
They have also developed a way to measure the thickness of the amorphous region more accurately by analysing its electrical properties when a known current is passed through it.
The degradation of electrical properties when the pure (Na0.52K0.45Li0.03 NbO3 ceramics sintered in reducing atmosphere is mainly caused by the increasing of oxygen vacancy concentration, as low oxygen partial pressure promote the formation of oxygen vacancy.
The complex dielectric function spectra extracted from the measurements are sensitive to the relative effects of doping on the free-carrier absorption which yields electrical properties when interpreted using the Drude model, metallic and semiconducting nanotube interband electronic transitions, and a π-plasmon resonance.
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The fabric remains flexible and retains its electrical properties even when stretched and folded.
There was one other important property of silicon, not appreciated at the time but crucial to the development of low-cost transistors and integrated circuits: silicon, unlike germanium, forms a tenaciously adhering oxide film with excellent electrical insulating properties when it is heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen.
As a consequence of their unique electronic band structures, low-dimensional materials such as one-dimensional (1D) single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 2D graphene and various 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides have exhibited intriguing electrical transport properties when incorporated into field-effect transistors.
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) layers in silicon hetero junction solar cells change their electrical and optical properties when exposed to temperature treatments.
Rougher AZO surfaces with lower average transparency values in visible range and worse electrical properties were observed when gun tilt decreased.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com