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For systems including electrolytes, an additional account of the electrical potential gradient is involved.
Correspondingly the pressure head and electrical potential gradient applied to the filtration system largely determine the separation efficiency.
FCM in combination with the MitoPT® dye JC-1 showed no significant difference in the ratios of red and green fluorescent cells between control and LOAD samples indicating no loss of transmembrane electrical potential gradient (Δψm) (d).
In this study the dissolution rate of limestone has been modeled with the flux equations, including the electrical potential gradient and assuming that the electrical potential gradient is zero.
The flux of an ion in an ionic solution is due to a concentration gradient and an electrical potential gradient.
The electrical potential gradient causes the movement of ions which in turn imposes a viscous drag on the pore water.
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The model takes into account the coupled flow of water and ions due to hydraulic, osmotic, and electrical potential gradients imposed on the formation.
We suggest that high grain material quality, leading to large carrier mobilities, and electron hole separation at the GBs, by chemical and electrical potential gradients, result in the high performance of these PX solar cells.
The structure and chemical nature or electrical charges of the membrane material along with the properties of the permeating component such as its size, its chemical nature, or electrical charge, and forces such as concentration, pressure, or electrical potential gradients across the membrane determine the transport rate of a component through it.
The depolarisation of the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by PXL150 was assessed by measuring the disruption of the electrical potential gradients across the cytoplasmic membrane in intact bacteria using the membrane potential-sensitive cyanine dye DiSC3 5).
It is the most abundant ion in plant cells and is required for a wide array of functions, such as maintenance of electrical potential gradients across cell membranes, generation of turgor, and activation of numerous enzymes [ 16].
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